In this section, the following topics are discussed with examples
If a number `m’ divides another number `n’ exactly, then we say that `m’ is a factor of `n’ and that `n’ is a multiple of `m’.
Eg: 3 is a factor of 12 and therefore 12 is a multiple of 3.
Interesting fact:
In math we have certain numbers whose powers form a triangle as the numbers increase,
i.e.,
112= 121
1112= 12321
11112= 1234321
111112= 123454321 and so on…
The concept is so simple as many number of 1’s that many number of consecutive natural numbers will come and there after it will decrease consecutively again till 1.
A set of numbers which do not have any other common factor other than 1 are called co-prime or relatively prime numbers. This means those numbers whose HCF is 1.
For example, 8 and 9 have no other common factor other than 1 so they are co-prime numbers.
Properties Of Co-prime Numbers:
• All prime numbers are co-prime to each other.
• Any 2 consecutive integers are always co-prime.
• Sum of any two co-prime numbers is always co-prime with their product.
• 1 is co-prime with all numbers.
• a and b () are co-prime only if the numbers 2a-1 and 2b-1 are co-prime.
Example 1:
Find the L.C.M. of 12, 27 and 40
Factors of 12 = 2x2x3 = 22×3
Factors of 27 =3x3x3=33
Factors of 40 = 2x2x2x5 = 23×5
Example 2
Find the H.C.F. of 24 and 56
Factors of 24 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Factors of 56 = 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, 56
Common factors of 24 and 56 are 1, 2, 4, 8 H.C.F. of 24 and 56 = 8
H.C.F. can be found by resolving the given numbers into prime factors and then taking the product of least powers of all common factors, that occur in these numbers.
Properties of L.C.M & H.C.F.:
1. The product of two given numbers is equal to the product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.
Product of numbers = H.C.F.of numbers / L.C.M. of two numbers
2. L.C.M. of given fractions = L.C.M.of numerators / H.C.F.of denominators
3. H.C.F of given fractions = H.C.F. of numerators / L.C.M.of denominators
4. The L.C.M of a given set of numbers would be either the highest or higher than the highest of the given numbers.
5.The H.C.F. of a given set of numbers would be either the lowest or lower than the lowest.
As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality.
ALBERT EINSTEIN
MORE EXAMPLES
Example 3
Find the L.C.M. of 125,64,8 and 3.
Sol:
Given numbers are 125, 64, 8 and 3
L.C.M. is 125x 64×3 = 24,000
Example 4
Find H.C.F. of 48, 108, 140
Sol:
Factors of 48
= 2x2x2x2x3
= 24×3
Factors of 108
= 2x2x3x3x3
= 22×33
Factors of 140
=2x2x5x7
=22 x5x7
H.C.F.=22=4
Example 5
Find the L.C.M. of 1/3 , 5/6 , 5/9 , 10/27 ?
Sol:
L.C.M. of fractions = L.C.M. of numerators / H.C.F.of denominators
L.C.M. of 1,5 and 10 is 10
H.C.F of 3,6,9 and 27 is 3
L.C.M. of given fractions = 10 / 3
Example 6
Find the H.C.F. of 1/2, 3/4,5/6,7/8, 9/10
Sol:
H.C.F. of fractions = H.C.F.of numerators / L.C.M. of denominators
H.C.F. of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 is 1
L.C.M of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 is 120
H.C.F. of given fractions = 1/120
Example 7
The L.C.M. of two number is 2310. Their H.C.F. is 30. If one number is 210, the other is:
Sol:
The other number is 2310×30 = 210 330
Example 8
Find the greatest number that will divide 197 and 269 and leaves 5 as reminder in each case.
Sol:
Required number = H.C.F. of [(197-5) and (269-5)]
= H.C.F. of (192 and 264) = 8
Example 9
Five bells begin to toll together and toll respectively at intervals of 6,7,8,9 and 12 seconds. How many times they will toll together in one hour, excluding the one at the start?
Sol:
L.C.M. of 6,7,8,9 and 12
= 2x2x3x7x2x3 = 504
ie, The bells will toll together after each 504 seconds. In one hour, they will toll together 7 times.
1) Product of two numbers = Their h.c.f. * Their l.c.m.
2) h.c.f. of given numbers always divides their l.c.m.
3) h.c.f. of given fractions = h.c.f. of numerator
l.c.m. of denominator
4) l.c.m. of given fractions = l.c.m. of numerator
h.c.f. of denominator
5) If d is the h.c.f. of two positive integer a and b, then there exist unique integer m and n, such that
d = am + bn
6) If p is prime and a,b are any integer then P ,This implies P or P
ab a b
7) h.c.f. of a given number always divides its l.c.m.
1) Largest number which divides x,y,z to leave same remainder = h.c.f. of y-x, z-y, z-x.
2) Largest number which divides x,y,z to leave remainder R (i.e. same) = h.c.f of x-R, y-R, z-R.
3) Largest number which divides x,y,z to leave same remainder a,b,c = h.c.f. of x-a, y-b, z-c.
4) Least number which when divided by x,y,z and leaves a remainder R in each case = ( l.c.m. of x,y,z) + R
Thus in this section we have learned about the concept of Factors, Multiples, Prime Factors, Co-Prime Numbers, L.C.M and H.C.F. In the next section, we will learn about Algebra.